Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Minium shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Minium offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Minium at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Minium? Wrong! If the Minium is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Minium then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Minium? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Minium and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Minium wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Minium then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Minium site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Minium, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Minium, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
of Pb3O4
Red lead, also called
minium,
lead tetroxide or
triplumbic tetroxide, is a bright red or orange
crystalline or amorphous
pigment. Its Latin name
minium originates from the
Minius River in northwest
Spain where it was first mined.
The melting point of lead tetroxide is 500 °C, at which it decomposes to lead(II) oxide and oxygen.
Chemically red lead is
lead oxide, Pb3O4, or 2PbO.PbO2. It is used in the manufacture of
battery (electricity),
lead glass and rust-proof paint.
Red lead is virtually insoluble in water. However, it is soluble in hydrochloric acid present in stomach, therefore it is
toxic when ingested. It is also insoluble in alcohol. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid,
glacial acetic acid, and diluted mixture of
nitric acid and
hydrogen peroxide.
Preparation
Lead tetroxide is prepared by
calcination of lead(II) oxide (also called litharge) in air at about 450 to 480 °C:
6 PbO + O2 → 2 Pb3O4
The resulting material is contaminated with lead(II) oxide. If a pure compound is desired, PbO can be removed by a
potassium hydroxide solution:
PbO + KOH + H2O → K(aq)
Another method of preparation relies on annealing of
lead carbonate (
cerussite) in air:
6 PbCO3 + O2 → 2 Pb3O4 + 6 CO2
Yet another method is oxidative annealing of lead white:
3 Pb2CO3(OH)2 + O2 → 2 Pb3O4 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
In solution, lead tetroxide can be prepared eg. by reaction of
potassium plumbate with lead acetate:
K2PbO3 + 2 Pb(OCOCH3)2 + H2O → Pb3O4 + 2 KOCOCH3 + 2 CH3COOH
yielding yellow insoluble lead tetroxide monohydrate, Pb3O4.H2O, which can be turned into the anhydrous form by gentle heating.
Chemical properties
With iron oxides and with elementary
iron, lead tetroxide forms insoluble iron(II) and iron(III)
plumbates, which is the basis of the anti-
corrosion properties of lead-based paints applied to iron objects.
When heated to 500 °C, it decomposes to lead(II) oxide and oxygen. At 580 °C, the reaction is complete.
2 Pb3O4 → 6 PbO + O2
Nitric acid dissolves the lead(II) oxide component, leaving behind the insoluble
lead(IV) oxide:
Pb3O4 + 4 HNO3 → PbO2 + 2 Pb(NO3)2 + 2 H2O
Use
Lead tetroxide is most often used as a
pigment for
undercoat paints for
iron objects. Due to its
toxicity its use is being limited. In past it was used in combination with linseed oil as thick long protecting anticorrosive paint. Also combination of minium and linen fibres was used for
plumbing, now replaced with PTFE tape. Currently it is mostly used for manufacture of
glass, especially lead glass. It finds limited use in some amateur pyrotechnics as a relatively potent
oxidizer. Minium mixed with fine aluminium powder, tightly wrapped with round rocks in plastic foil with adhesive tape could serve as improvised weak flashbang impact grenade.
Physiological effects
When breathed in, lead tetroxide irritates lungs. In case of high dose, the victim feels metallic taste in mouth, chest pain, and abdominal pain. When ingested, it gets dissolved in the
gastric acid and gets absorbed, leading to lead poisoning. High concentrations can be absorbed through skin as well; therefore it is important to keep the safety precautions when working with lead-based paint.
Long-term contact with lead tetroxide may lead to accumulation of lead compounds in organism, with development of symptoms of acute lead poisoning. Chronic poisoning displays as agitation, irritability, vision disorders, hypertension, and usually also by grayish hue of face.
Lead tetroxide was shown to be
carcinogenic for laboratory animals. Its carcinogenicity for humans was not proven.
Ecological issues
As lead tetroxide is synthetized from lead or lead oxides at higher temperatures, its airborne aerosol may be formed when manufacturing lead or handling melted lead or lead alloys.
Historic note
Lead tetroxide was used as a red pigment in
ancient Rome, where it was prepared by calcination of lead white. In the ancient and medieval periods it was used as a pigment in the production of illuminated manuscripts, and gave its name to the
minium or
miniature (illuminated manuscript), a style of picture painted with the colour. As a finely divided powder, it was also sprinkled on dielectric surfaces to study Lichtenberg figures.
External links
- National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet
of Pb3O4
Red lead, also called
minium,
lead tetroxide or
triplumbic tetroxide, is a bright red or orange crystalline or
amorphous pigment. Its
Latin name
minium originates from the
Minius River in northwest Spain where it was first mined.
The melting point of lead tetroxide is 500 °C, at which it decomposes to
lead(II) oxide and
oxygen.
Chemically red lead is lead oxide, Pb3O4, or 2PbO.PbO2. It is used in the manufacture of battery (electricity), lead glass and rust-proof paint.
Red lead is virtually insoluble in water. However, it is soluble in hydrochloric acid present in
stomach, therefore it is
toxic when ingested. It is also insoluble in alcohol. It dissolves in hydrochloric acid, glacial acetic acid, and diluted mixture of
nitric acid and
hydrogen peroxide.
Preparation
Lead tetroxide is prepared by
calcination of
lead(II) oxide (also called
litharge) in air at about 450 to 480 °C:
6 PbO + O2 → 2 Pb3O4
The resulting material is contaminated with lead(II) oxide. If a pure compound is desired, PbO can be removed by a
potassium hydroxide solution:
PbO + KOH + H2O → K(aq)
Another method of preparation relies on annealing of lead carbonate (cerussite) in air:
6 PbCO3 + O2 → 2 Pb3O4 + 6 CO2
Yet another method is oxidative annealing of lead white:
3 Pb2CO3(OH)2 + O2 → 2 Pb3O4 + 3 CO2 + 3 H2O
In solution, lead tetroxide can be prepared eg. by reaction of
potassium plumbate with lead acetate:
K2PbO3 + 2 Pb(OCOCH3)2 + H2O → Pb3O4 + 2 KOCOCH3 + 2 CH3COOH
yielding yellow insoluble lead tetroxide monohydrate, Pb3O4.H2O, which can be turned into the anhydrous form by gentle heating.
Chemical properties
With iron oxides and with elementary
iron, lead tetroxide forms insoluble iron(II) and iron(III)
plumbates, which is the basis of the anti-corrosion properties of lead-based paints applied to iron objects.
When heated to 500 °C, it decomposes to lead(II) oxide and oxygen. At 580 °C, the reaction is complete.
2 Pb3O4 → 6 PbO + O2
Nitric acid dissolves the lead(II) oxide component, leaving behind the insoluble lead(IV) oxide:
Pb3O4 + 4 HNO3 → PbO2 + 2 Pb(NO3)2 + 2 H2O
Use
Lead tetroxide is most often used as a
pigment for
undercoat paints for
iron objects. Due to its
toxicity its use is being limited. In past it was used in combination with linseed oil as thick long protecting anticorrosive paint. Also combination of minium and linen fibres was used for
plumbing, now replaced with PTFE tape. Currently it is mostly used for manufacture of
glass, especially lead glass. It finds limited use in some amateur
pyrotechnics as a relatively potent oxidizer. Minium mixed with fine aluminium powder, tightly wrapped with round rocks in plastic foil with adhesive tape could serve as improvised weak flashbang impact grenade.
Physiological effects
When breathed in, lead tetroxide irritates lungs. In case of high dose, the victim feels metallic taste in mouth, chest pain, and abdominal pain. When ingested, it gets dissolved in the
gastric acid and gets absorbed, leading to lead poisoning. High concentrations can be absorbed through skin as well; therefore it is important to keep the safety precautions when working with lead-based paint.
Long-term contact with lead tetroxide may lead to accumulation of lead compounds in organism, with development of symptoms of acute lead poisoning. Chronic poisoning displays as agitation, irritability, vision disorders,
hypertension, and usually also by grayish hue of face.
Lead tetroxide was shown to be
carcinogenic for laboratory animals. Its carcinogenicity for humans was not proven.
Ecological issues
As lead tetroxide is synthetized from lead or lead oxides at higher temperatures, its airborne aerosol may be formed when manufacturing lead or handling melted lead or lead alloys.
Historic note
Lead tetroxide was used as a red pigment in
ancient Rome, where it was prepared by
calcination of lead white. In the ancient and medieval periods it was used as a pigment in the production of
illuminated manuscripts, and gave its name to the
minium or miniature (illuminated manuscript), a style of picture painted with the colour. As a finely divided powder, it was also sprinkled on
dielectric surfaces to study Lichtenberg figures.
External links
- National Pollutant Inventory - Lead and Lead Compounds Fact Sheet
minium - professional products for the entertainment markets
minium is a UK company providing video, hdtv, audio, data, dmx and mains jackfields, patchpanels, processors, test equipment and accessories.
Definition: minium from Online Medical Dictionary
The Online Medical Dictionary is a searchable dictionary of definitions from medicine, science and technology.
minium definition of minium in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia article about minium. Information about minium in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.
ETYMOLOGY: MINIUM word trail
Word relationships of MINIATURE ... Brian Jaques 1997. IN MINIATURE. Word content list. Illuminated manuscripts, with rubric, made small as an important feature of, say, Books of ...
Lead tetroxide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Red lead, also called minium, lead tetroxide or triplumbic tetroxide, is a bright red or orange crystalline or amorphous pigment. Its Latin name minium originates from the Minius ...
minium - Wiktionary
Definitions from Wiktionary, a free dictionary
minium - definition of minium by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus ...
Definition of minium in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of minium. Pronunciation of minium. Translations of minium. minium synonyms, minium antonyms. Information about minium in ...
Minium Icons
minium.zip {4.7 MB} (Total Downloads: 22289 / Today: 15) minium.sit {2 MB} (Total Downloads: 2195 / Today: 1) minium-pixadex.sit [Mac Pixadex iContainer] {2.3 MB} (Total Downloads ...
MINIUM
David Appleyard - Blog & Portfolio » Minium Icon Set Released
The Minium icon set is the latest release from Sascha Höhne, one of the greatest icon creators of the moment. He has fashioned several different icon packs, but this is his latest ...
